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| 399 BC |
| | | Socrates, convicted in Athens of impiety, is sentenced to death and drinks the hemlock | |
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| 396 BC |
| | | The Romans capture the nearby Etruscan town of Veii, beginning a long process of territorial expansion | |
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| 390 BC |
| | | Celtic tribes , pushing south through the Alps, reach Rome and sack the city | |
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| 387 BC |
| | | Plato establishes a school in Akademeia, a suburb of Athens | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | Central to Plato's philosophy is the theory that there are higher Forms of reality, of which our senses perceive only a transient shadow | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | A Greek text, attributed to Polybus, argues that the human body is composed of four humours | |
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| 371 BC |
| | | A Spartan army is overwhelmed at Leuctra by a smaller number of Thebans under Epaminondas | |
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| 367 BC |
| | | Aristotle, at the age of seventeen, comes to Athens to join Plato's academy | |
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| 359 BC |
| | | Philip II succeds his father Amyntas III on the throne of Macedonia, the northernmost kingdom of Greece | |
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| 356 BC |
| | | Philip II sets about making Macedon the most powerful state in Greece | |
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